BELEMNITE TAIL, Fossil, Belemnite Lanceolata, Germany, 14.6 grams, CR2417
This is a wonderful Belemnite specimen from Hannover, Germany.
Belemnites lived during the periods of Earth history known as the Jurassic and Cretaceous; together, these represent a time interval of about 135 million years. The Jurassic Period began about 201 million years ago, and the Cretaceous ended at about 66 million years.
The belemnites became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous Period, at roughly the same time as the dinosaurs disappeared. However, we know a lot about them because they are commonly found as fossils, formed when the remains of traces of the animal became buried in sediment which later solidified into rock.
Origin: Kreide, Campan, Hannover, Germany
Weight 14.6 grams
Length 70.46 mm
Width 12.04 mm
Belemnites were marine animals belonging to the Phylum Mollusca and the Class Cephalopoda.
Their closest living relatives are squid and cuttlefish.
They had a squid-like body but, unlike modern squid, they had a hard internal skeleton.
In the animal's tail, this formed a bullet-shaped feature sometimes referred to as a guard, but more correctly termed a rostrum (plural: rostra).
These are the parts which are normally found as fossils.
As with living animals, belemnites are classified into species and genera whose names must be Latin words or words that have been latinised. The proper scientific name of a particular belemnite consists of the name of the species, preceded by the name of the genus to which it belongs, plus the name of the first person to describe it and the date of that description.
Many belemnite genera have names ending in -teuthis; this is the Ancient Greek word for squid.
Belemnite genera are distinguished by a combination of shape characteristics and surface features, such as grooves. Species are mainly distinguished on the basis of shape, size, growth characteristics and surface features. With experience and care, even a fragment of a rostrum may be identified as a particular genus.
Belemnites can be useful tools for the geologist. The robust composition of their rostra means that they often survive where other fossils are destroyed. For instance, many fossils are found in sedimentary rocks, but belemnites may also be preserved in metamorphic rocks. In this respect, they are superior to their contemporaries—the ammonites—which are the primary guide fossils for Jurassic and Cretaceous stratigraphy and correlation.
In the earliest Jurassic, belemnites were restricted to the European area but from then onwards, they had a worldwide distribution, and, potentially, they can be used for correlation on a global scale. However, as with the ammonites, this can be hampered by faunal provincialism.
Belemnites have also been used to tell geologists something about the climate during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. By measuring, in the laboratory, the oxygen-isotope ratios of the calcite in the belemnite rostrum, the geologist can estimate the temperature of the sea water in which the belemnite lived (otherwise known as the palaeotemperature). Belemnites were one of the first fossil groups to be used in this way because of their rostra were thought to be resistant to chemical change during diagenesis (the transformation of a sediment into rock).
Although the number of protons and electrons in oxygen atoms is always the same (eight each), the number of neutrons can be eight, nine or ten. These three differently composed atoms are called oxygen isotopes (16O, 17O and 18O). On average, the 16O to 18O ratio in today's oceans is about 500:1 but it is highly sensitive to temperature. Consequently, if the oxygen isotope ratio present in the calcium carbonate of a shell is known, an indication of the ocean temperature in which it lived can be obtained.
Belemnites take their name from the Greek word belemnon meaning dart or javelin. The fossilized rostra were widely believed to have been flung down as darts from heaven during thunderstorms (thunderbolts). Some have a finger-like shape (e.g. Dactyloteuthis—from the Greek word daktylos meaning finger) and, in folklore, they have been called Devil's Fingers and St Peter's Fingers.
As with other fossils, belemnites have been thought to have medicinal powers. These varied from region to region, but included remedies for rheumatism and sore eyes, and a cure for intestinal stones in horses.
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Reviews (1)
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Feb 27, 2018
Annwyn Avalon